Clinical Trials - research tests that conduct experimental research
studies on human participants. Such trials may endeavor to deduce whether the findings of essential research apply to humans, or to authenticate the findings of epidemiological research, which is the statistical study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations. Studies may be conducted on a small scale, with just a few subjects, or they could be large-scale experimental studies on treatment that attempt to determine the outcome of treatments on whole sets of populations. The most valued clinical trials are Double Blind, placebo-controlled research studies, in which neither the researchers nor patients know who is receiving the experimental substance or treatment and who is receiving a placebo.
Renal - a term that describes anything to do with the kidneys.
Hyperosmolar Coma - a coma (sleep-like, unconscious state) linked with excessive levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood and requiring immediate medical attention. A person with this kind of coma is often of advanced age and feeble from loss of both weight and body fluids. The patient might or might not have a prior medical history that includes diabetes. Ketones (ketonic acids) are absent in the urine.
No-till Farming - a methodology of agriculture where the farmer avoids using machines to plow or turn over the soil (for instance, minimizing tillage). The field residue left on the field after the previous harvest helps control weeds and reduce soil erosion, but this practice also creates convenient places for parasitic insects to shelter and reproduce, creating a need for more effective pest control.
Weight Lifting Equipment - equipment (such as barbells) utilized for weight lifting exercises.
Cellulite - the dimples and bumps on the skin, most often around the buttocks and thighs.
Sucrose - commonly called white sugar, sucrose is a disaccharide comprising glucose and fructose and supplying 4 calories for each gram, which amounts to approximately 16 calories per teaspoonful. This is a class of sugar which the body must synthesize into a simpler sugar before the blood can assimilate it and carry it to the cells and tissues. Table sugar is processed from sugar cane or sugar beets. The refining process filters out contaminants that may be present in the sugar plant, providing the white crystals commonly found in the sugar bowl. Molasses is simply a less purified sucrose. (Also look at `carbohydrates`.)
Toxicology - the scientific study of the chemical effects and treatment of poisonous substances.
Xenical - a drug used in the treatment of obesity that acts on the digestive system by preventing approximately 33% of the fat eaten from being digested. (Also refer to `Orlistat`.)
Body Wrap - a treatment which assists in taking off inches, changing body shape, size, and contour and also in revitalizing the skin. This treatment involves encasing the body in a variety of bandages, which are saturated with special preparations. The wrap pays attention to the particular areas of concern and it aids in slimming and diffusing the toxins which cause cellulite.
Chromosome - stringy components contained in the cell that contain genetic coding (DNA) and proteins. Genes are carried on chromosomes.
Juvenile Diabetes - a medical disorder where insufficient insulin - or none at all - is produced, usually developing when the person is below 30, and necessitating insulin injections for life. Also referred to as insulin-dependent and type 1 diabetes.
Intensity - how hard the body works when performing physical activity. Broadly speaking, the faster the heartbeat (that is, the higher the heart rate) the more intense the level of physical exertion.
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB) - also known as `gastric bypass` and `gastric bypass surgery`. A weight-loss surgical procedure in which surgeons divide a patient`s stomach into a pouch and restructure the small intestine to make it absorb fewer nutrients (and calories). In order to make the small stomach pouch (to decrease the size and capacity of the stomach), surgeons use staples (hence the term `gastric stapling`). The reduced stomach sac is connected to the middle part of the small intestine. Food bypasses the upper part of the small intestine and sectioned-off stomach, and instead goes into the midsection of the small intestine by moving through a narrow passage. Circumventing the tied-off section of the stomach constrains the amount of food an individual is able to eat. By bypassing part of the intestine, the amount of nutrients and calories the body absorbs is reduced. The narrow opening decreases the speed at which food is moved out of the stomach sac. Patients are under the risk of suffering from `rapid gastric emptying`. This takes place if the contents of the stomach move more quickly than is normal through the small intestine. Symptoms of rapid gastric emptying may include queasiness, feeling weak, sweating, dizziness or faintness, and diarrhea after food consumption. Adverse effects could include infection, anastomotic leakage (in which gastric fluids leak into the abdomen), pulmonary embolism (the lodging of a blood clot in a pulmonary artery), gallstones, and insufficient nutrition.
Traditional Crop Breeding - conventional processes of agriculture. For customary crop cultivation, agriculturists mix thousands of genes in order to transfer the protein products in an attempt to enhance one or a few inherited characteristics. As a result, the danger of an undesirable element being transferred inadvertently are far stronger in the field of traditional breeding in comparison with biotechnology (the scientific process by which plants or crops are genetically engineered).
Cyclamate - a low-calorie synthetic sweetening agent that is thirty times as sweet as sucrose, contains 0 calories, is able to withstand heat, and works synergistically when combined with other sweetening agents. It has been approved as a tabletop sweetener in Canada and over fifty nations in Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa. Since `70, though, the use of cyclamate has been banned within the USA according to the findings of a test study, which implied that cyclamate may have a link with the development of cancer of the bladder in rats. Although seventy-five subsequent studies have failed to show that cyclamate contains cancer-causing substances, the sweetener has yet to be re-legitimized for use within the USA.
Allergy (food allergy or food hypersensitivity) - any adverse reaction to an otherwise harmless food or food component (a protein) that involves the body`s immune system. To avoid confusion with other types of negative responses to foods, it is essential to employ the terms `food hypersensitivity` or `food allergy` only if the reaction involves the immune system.
Maximum Heart Rate - The fastest that the heart can beat when doing activity. Instead of actually measuring the peak rate at which an individual`s heart can pump blood, it is simpler to calculate what this rate should be. The maximum heart rate can be calculated by using an uncomplicated formula: 220 - age = maximum heart rate.
Catabolism - reactions that involve the breakdown of compounds in the body, which include the reactions which release energy from foods.
Beta Glucan - type of polysaccharide (string of sugar molecules) in foods like oats, yeast, and mushrooms, which supplies the health benefit of lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease by lessening circulating blood cholesterol.
Capillary - the tiny blood vessel of the network that allows exchange of oxygen and waste products between arteries and veins.
Yoga - a program of exercises applied to the development of mind, body, and spirit. The numerous disciplines of yoga entail poses (or asanas) to boost muscle tone and agility, breathing exercises for cleansing, and meditation to help the mind and body relax and manage stress better.
Resistive Cuffs and Boots - foam buoyancy devices placed on the wrists and/or ankles in order to create extra resistance for water sports, such as water aerobics and deep-water running. These devices can increase the intensity of the workout by upto 5 times.
Staple Crops - the agricultural produce which forms the bulk of a population`s dietary intake. Staples of greatest importance include wheat, rice, and corn (maize). These three crops furnish 60 % of the global food energy (calorie) intake. Rice, in fact, meets the energy needs of almost 50 % of the world`s population. As a general rule, staple crops have adapted suitably to the conditions prevalent in the geographic locations where they are largely cultivated. For example, they might have developed resistance to lack of water, insect parasites or even soils low in nutrients.
High Blood Pressure - another word for `hypertension`. There is a rise and fall in blood pressure all through the day. The ideal blood pressure is below 120/80 mmHg. When blood pressure stays elevated, greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg, it`s considered hypertension or high blood pressure. High blood pressure increases the risk for strokes or heart problems.
Introduction To Web Pharmacy